Billie Holiday’s Cruel Life Free Essays

To comprehend the discussion that Billie introduced one should initially go to the root or wellspring of such contention and look at Billie’s youth. Billie was conceived Eleanora Harris to her dad Clarence Holiday and mother Sadie Fagan who were only fifteen and thirteen years of age, separately, at that point (A 91). Conceived somewhere in the range of 1912 and 1915 in Baltimore, the date uncertain, Billie grew up without her dad, who moved away right off the bat in her life. We will compose a custom paper test on Billie Holiday’s Cruel Life or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Billie and her mom used to battle a great deal, when her mom was near. A significant part of the time Billie was left being taken care of by family members or companions, a considerable lot of whom were cold (E). Billie’s relationship with her family was exceptionally feeble, as Billie for an incredible duration and vocation never or once in a while got family endorsement or acknowledgment (W 13). The degree to which Billie didn't coexist with her family is clear as she was chastised for her grandmother’s passing at six years old (E). The strife inside Billie’s family was showed when Billie remarked later on in life that â€Å"As far as I’m Concerned, all the Fagans are dead† (W 14). This made her family frantic and lead to their further relinquishment of Billie. Beside the shallow pressure among Billie and her mom, they put forth a valiant effort to stay faithful to each other and accommodate one another (W 201). As Billie developed more seasoned, life became more earnestly and reality gradually turned out to be increasingly more genuine for her. At age 10, Billie was assaulted, further fortifying Billie’s picture of the real world. As Billie developed more seasoned she got cheerful and developed to have a solid temper. One performer recalls Billie as â€Å"a youngster, 11 or 12 years of age, yelling the most exceedingly terrible words she knew in the road, on edge to be developed up† (W 35). Furthermore, on the various events when Billie’s mother was away, she would be out having a great time with no concerns. Billie became used to utilizing men to get cash. Billie would get folks, professing to be a hooker, and afterward she and her companion would hop him and take his cash (W 28). â€Å"She turned into a quick lady. She needed quick cash, quick life† (W 26). Her life became quicker and quicker as Billie was brought further down into the facts of the world when Billie turned into a whore. â€Å"[Billie] got things done for a house of ill-repute in Philadelphia and in 1927 moved to New York, where for the following three years she earned a living as a prostitute† (E). These parts of Billie’s life shaped her disposition towards life later on, and her future choices and objectives. These impacts turned into her limits, her attitude, and sometimes, her confinements. Instructively, Billie was denied. Never getting past the fifth grade, Billie was the survivor of the instructive limitations that were forced on huge numbers of the individuals who abided in Black Ghettos (BB 67). As Billie developed more seasoned her instruction turned into a restriction. â€Å"This woman’s ability and her looks, but then somehow or another she truly had the psyche of a 12-year-old† (BB 67). This absence of training would frequent Billie later in her vocation, an alarming token of her youth, and its unequivocal deficiencies of giving security, instruction, and an ethical base. Musically, Billie grew up tuning in to the blues, in spite of the fact that it never truly was her sort of music. Billie cherished tuning in to Jazz records as a youngster, early impacts including Louis Armstrong. In the long run, Billie proceeded onward to endeavor a singing profession. â€Å"Inspired by her adoration for singing, she convinced the administrator of a club to let her sing a couple of tunes with the house band-she made $57 in tips† (E). Along these lines, Billie was spurred to turn into a vocalist, a choice that will demonstrate not exclusively to be helpful to her, yet additionally to be a hazard factor that would undermine her wellbeing. Step by step instructions to refer to Billie Holiday’s Cruel Life, Papers

Queen Yearbook free essay sample

Modern Psychology essays

Present day Psychology expositions Jerry, Jerry, Jerry... Everyday, this serenade is heard by a great many individuals viewing the now scandalous syndicated program, Jerry Springer. Despite the fact that only a couple of years prior, a great many people viewed these shows as crazy, presently this serenade is perceived and revered by numerous individuals in the public arena. The most closefisted clarification for this is the shows currently have all the more intriguing and dazzling themes. The reason of most scenes of these shows has changed extraordinarily in the course of recent years; The themes have moved away from huge scope social issues, similar to homosexuality and disease, to relationship and familial issues, similar to infidelity and moms who are excessively coy with their girl's beaus. Numerous individuals would contend that the issues being introduced now are not as fascinating or enthralling as the more seasoned issues. Nonetheless, in the wake of viewing an old scene and another scene, a great many people concur that the feelings showed by the visitors in the more up to date shows are progressively obvious, with activities, for example, in front of an audience hollering and battling. The general passionate substance of the scenes has changed from bitterness to outrage. From a mental point of view, there are numerous impacts that cause extraordinary annoyance to be shown by the visitors on television shows. Envision being a visitor on the Jerry Springer appear, as you walk onto the stage you see the huge crowd reciting those notorious words. You plunk down close to your life partner not recognizing what's in store, you are apprehensive and restless. At long last, Jerry says those awful words, All in all, don't you have something to tell your fianc? She goes to you, investigates your eyes and says, Recollect about a month prior when I vanished at that party at your home? All things considered, that night your sibling and me left the gathering early. I'm heartbroken, I have been laying down with your sibling for as far back as month. Suddenly, the uneasiness that you encountered is proceeded to supplant by outrage, extreme displeasure. You go to Jerry as he asks you, Amazing, ... <!

Female Versus Male Homosexuality In Romantic Literature English Literature Essay

Female Versus Male Homosexuality In Romantic Literature English Literature Essay In Romantic verse, there is an unmistakable difference in the portrayal of male and female homoeroticism. Male gay verse by and large establishes a many-sided blend of individual feeling and Hellenistic-like homosocial convention. Female homoerotic depictions, be that as it may, are ordinarily torn between either an explicitly sublimed sentimental companion perfect or a voyeuristic hetero male dream plagued with alarm prompted by female sexuality. At the end of the day, unequivocally lesbian verse experiences heterosexualization that weakens, and now and again altogether upsets, any freeing potential the sonnet would some way or another have. Additionally, while gay male accounts are regularly favored inside mythologized Hellenistic setting and in that become cleaned and legitimized, lesbian verse is denied access to an equal Sapphic custom. In this manner, lesbians become de-Hellenised in Romantic verse, estranging the peruser from a positive custom of female homoerotica. In To Lady Eleanor Butler and the Honorable Miss Ponsonby Wordsworth composes of the shocking and notorious sentimental fellowship of the Ladies of Llangollen, two ladies who fled from traditional marriage pressures and began a coexistence. The sonnet is soaked with a feeling of dear companionship and connection without being outrightly sexual, and this hinders perusing the sonnet as a male dream. It apparently advocates the security of the ladies, however fails to depict the truth of the relationship as sexual. This mirrors the general perspective on such connections in the period: female sets may, on the off chance that they kept up a faã §ade of refined decency, be acclaimed, after the design of the day, as romanticized sentimental friends(483). In like manner, the connection between the Lady Eleanor and Miss Ponsonby is portrayed fundamentally through doublespeak and code. For instance, Wordsworth portrays the womens house as a Vale of Friendship(10) for the sisters in love(13). This cognizant utilization of carefully worded articulation and naming of the vale goes about as a kind of figure in the sonnet; it utilizes a dispassionate term like kinship in naming the area, proposing that fellowship is the thing that exists there, yet then uses a connection term to depict what the peruser acquainted with the story knows isn't genuine; the ladies are not, in truth sisters. Subsequently, for them to be infatuated, the peruser gathers a comparable indication that there is nothing careful about the adoration. Wordsworths development of room in the sonnet additionally fundamentally impacts its depiction of the lesbian relationship. By tending to the women together in the title and referencing the vale, he makes an all around characterized spatial system where this sonnet works. He associates the space with nature and in this way keeps it in accordance with Romantic convention: In Natures face the appearance of repose(4). More than this, in any case, he outlines this space similar to an uncommon shelter for articulation of lesbian want, to such an extent that the women love can be permitted to climb . . . over the range of time'(13). Thusly, the sonnet basically addresses its own homophobic subject and by structuring safe space for the lesbian way of life, it likewise causes to notice its hazardousness. In Christabel and Geraldine (lines 236-277 from Christabel), Samuel Taylor Coleridge structures a portrayal of female homoerotics that is, from multiple points of view, not the same as Wordsworths. Apparently, the lines are a sympathetic investigation of tormented and subdued lesbian want through the game plan of Christabel and Geraldine as darlings. Notwithstanding, note that this perusing can never go past empathy because of the ubiquitous male nearness. This nearness, if the peruser is to comprehend it as being Coleridge himself-that may be, a hetero and likely homophobic male(#)- consequently impacts the perusers examination of lesbian want in the sonnet. Representing the male persona, two possibly conflicting mind-sets coincide in the sonnet heteronormative frenzy and male voyeuristic fanstasy. The physical depictions of Christabel and Geraldine act to deconstruct, and in this way typify, the ladies by referencing their body parts: Her delicate limbs(stanza 20), her lids(stanza 21), her elbow(stanza 21) and at last, her breast(stanza 21). Clearly missing from these substantial depictions is any notice of female genitalia, a cognizant shirking on Coleridges part; he wishes to evade the notice of phallic-infertile sexual fulfillment of the lesbian couple. Since the sonnet is eventually represented by a male persona, lesbian sex can't exist as a legitimate coital act; an attention on parts of the female life systems that are generally and acceptably sexualized like appendages and bosoms without referencing the genitalia keeps up the possibility that genuine sex is between a man and a lady. Going with this disavowal of inferred genuine sexual fulfillment are portrayals of mental and physical anguish. Christabels cerebrum is depicted as one of weal and burden (refrain 21) while Geraldine portrays the characteristic of [her] disgrace, this seal of [her] sorrow(stanza 23). Portraying lesbians as tormented may fill a few needs. In one sense, Geraldines revelation of disgrace shows characteristic self-loathing, mirroring the contemporary conviction that the individuals who occupied with gay movement are continually mindful of their ill bred unreasonableness and along these lines bound to keep on self mischief. This rebuffs lesbian sexual association and in this way shields ensuing male excitement as satisfactory mistreatment. Moreover, Geraldine imparts a feeling of dissatisfaction when she says to Christabel: However, vainly thou warrest, For this is distant from everyone else in Thy capacity to announce, That in the diminish woods Thou heardst a low groaning, Also, foundst a splendid woman, surpassingly reasonable: Also, didst bring her home with thee, in adoration and in good cause, To shield her and safe house her from the moist air. (verse 23) Geraldine communicates scorn that Christabel searched her out only under the falsifications of non-romantic help, and that lesbian sexual connection had not been the essential inspiration, suggesting that sexual demonstrations between ladies are characteristically auxiliary to hetero sex. In spite of the evident clash of the portrayal of female homoerotic movement in Wordsworths and Coleridges sonnets, there are key likenesses that give understanding into Romantic homoeroticism. For instance, however lesbian want in the sonnets is dealt with in an unexpected way, the two artists utilize the regular world as a calculated system for their specific portrayals of female homoerotics. While Wordsworth utilizes nature as a space in which lesbian want is securely communicated, Coleridge utilizes the diminish timberland to basically kill female sexuality and set Christabels quest for Geraldine expressly as non-suggestive thought process. The sonnets likewise share the nearness of a male nearness which, in the two cases, predispositions them, a trademark that is amusing given the female-focused substance. In spite of the fact that the male nearness may not expressly endeavor to adversely speak to female sexual connections, female homosexuality becomes disemboldened and depicted as less authentic accordingly. In spite of female homoeroticism, there is an unmistakable opportunity in the depiction of male homoerotics in two sonnets The Cornelian and the To Eddleston (from Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, refrains 95-96). These sonnets are about Byrons relationship with a choirboy named Eddleston, composed years separated, and however the previous offers likenesses with the sexual unclearness of Wordsworths sonnet, it, not at all like the other, is permitted to be reflected in Greek Love and the Hellenistic custom. The Cornelian references explicitly Greek pederastic convention. One case of this is the utilization of the term vow, a conventional Athenian way to deal with pederastic connections. This permits the topic a known relationship with homosexuality, however to additionally guarantee social worthiness, Byron doesn't concentrate unequivocally on physical or sexual fascination between the two men. Truth be told, this early homoerotic sonnet in Byrons collection models a moderate indirect meth odology in the depiction of its substance much like Wordsworths sonnet. The main genuine capacity of a sexual experience between the Byron and Eddleston happens in a sheltered peaceful setting where darlings can segregate themselves from the objecting society: But he, who looks for the blossoms of truth/Must stop the nursery for the field. PEDERASTIC POWER STRUCTURE. which is described by a uniqueness in want, To Eddleston, be that as it may, formed a very long time after The Cornelian, is progressively express in its gay connection among Eddleston and Byron. In it, Byron maintains a strategic distance from doublespeak and sublimation into companionship, for example, that which happens in Wordsworths To woman Eleanor Butler㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. A correlation of the titles themselves starts to portray the distinction in the sonnets. In The Cornelian, the substance fixates on a cornelian stone given to Byron by Eddleston around which Byron can utilize Hellenistic structure. In To Eddleston, notwithstanding, Byron centers expressly around his own emotions with respect to the demise of Eddleston. While the primary sonnet most effectively infers kinship, the subsequent sonnet depicts Byrons sweetheart as being currently, more than companion. As opposed to a pederastic force structure, the force relationship in To Eddleston is suggested to be progressively adjusted between the two men. The most huge distinction between the two sonnets, be that as it may, is the corruption of the limit among homoerotic and the homosocial with contrasts in symbolism. While this sonnet reflects thoughts of perfect love between men it likewise problematises this perfect through its utilization of sadomasochistic symbolism. The 96th verse is portrayed by the utilization of fierce representation. Byron portrays himself as being punctured by bolts, a picture that summons the two thoughts of sentimental love through the convention of Eros and furthermore sadomasochistic entrance by the phallus

Should Social Media, Including Facebook, Assist in Law Enforcement Essay Example for Free

Should Social Media, Including Facebook, Assist in Law Enforcement Essay We as a whole comprehend what happened to Jill Meagher. What some of you may not know is that web based life assumed a basic job in explaining her homicide. Without the utilization of web-based social networking, Jill Meagher’s case may have stayed unsolved. Sadly, we generally partner online networking with negative meanings; anyway what we haven’t thought of is the positive commitments it could make to our general public. One change that we should make that would profit us staggeringly is to utilize online networking, including Facebook, to aid law requirement. I don’t need to characterize to you what web based life is, we as a whole use it regularly. On the off chance that I was addressing a more established crowd I may need to clarify, yet to be straightforward the vast majority of you will return home and sign onto Facebook. It has consistently been a piece of our reality and it most likely consistently will be. Tragically, one piece of web based life that we are extremely mindful of is that it is regularly used to hurt, to hurt †this is unmistakably apparent in the various records of digital tormenting. I don't plan to imagine that there aren’t negative parts of web-based social networking; I am essentially attempting to underscore the huge force and impact that it holds. In the event that we could saddle this force and rather use it to secure and aid law implementation the points of interest would be huge. Things being what they are, by what means can online networking help us? One hugely helpful part of web-based social networking is in the situating of missing people. In Australia, one individual disappears at regular intervals. The police just don't have the assets to find these individuals. In any case, several media destinations have just been set up with the sole plan of finding missing people. Crimestoppers have a versatile application to help interface the network to the police in detailing wrongdoing. Colleague Commissioner Peter Barrie of the New South Wales Police said It is an incredible path for individuals to send us a message and bolster it with an image, anyplace, anytime,† The new instruments offer the network a chance to aid a way that is valuable to all of us. It bodes well to tackle social media’s power for good †to take care of genuine issues, for example, finding missing people. All the more significantly be that as it may, online life chops down those urgent minutes when finding a missing individual the minutes that decide if an individual has any desire for being found. An amazing genuine case of the adequacy of this technique happened in November 2011 when multi year old Allie Loftis fled from her home close to Boston. On account of online networking, her dad Tony discovered her 12 days after the fact, with a 42-year-old sexual stalker. After inclusion of his Facebook, YouTube and Twitter battle, nearby papers and TV stations followed the story and in the end discovered her. Mr Loftis said that â€Å"†¦the more individuals there are looking; the more probable you are to discover them, that is extremely simply fundamental presence of mind. Without the guide of internet based life, who comprehends what could have happened to his little girl. Besides, online networking gives a method of finding individuals, yet additionally helps with social affair proof on suspects. At its center, web-based social networking is an online database of individual data, and once it is on the web, can never be brought down. This strategy was utilized in Canada after the 2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup revolt. The police confessed to being overpowered by the sheer volume of proof gave by online networking, empowering them to convict various agitators. The recurrence of cases being unraveled through proof found via web-based networking media is huge and developing as it is getting step by step increasingly pervasive and accommodating to law authorization. A study directed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police in 2012 found that 86% of offices utilize online life to survey profiles and the exercises of suspects. This measurement shows how progressively dependent law implementation is turning out to be via web-based networking media. Obviously, this isn't the main way that the police can accumulate proof on suspects. Numerous individuals today have online characters. This makes it that a lot simpler for specialists to make counterfeit online profiles to follow or become friends with suspects so as to increase new data and knowledge into their wrongdoings. They will likewise have the option to increase a comprehension of the suspect’s attitude through checking their posts, enabling them to make sure about a precise conviction. The information that the law authorization offices are policing the online life pages for potential lawbreakers ought to give the individuals who use them to guiltless delight and talk, a feeling of consolation. In conclusion, internet based life is one of the best methods for correspondence with regards to conveying messages for an enormous scope. This is the reason it is such an incredible stage to advise general society. I promise you that everyone in this room will approach internet based life at the present time. For all intents and purposes all telephones accompany web get to; we can get onto Facebook at the pinch of a catch. How much simpler might it be able to get? While clients are checking their messages and tolerating companion demands, they without a doubt have sufficient opportunity to see that missing individual picture their companions shared. Close to the Police posting that image, a client can impart it to their whole system of companions, family and collaborators who at that point can share it inside their own systems. A further bit of leeway of utilizing online life to educate the general population is the relationship it will make between the police and network. Through the more close to home style of correspondence, web based life is probably going to help make an atmosphere of trust and encourage better cooperation with the overall population. The cops appear to be more â€Å"human† and in this manner the general population would have more trust in them. Individuals need to have the option to converse with the police in the manner they can, any place they can. This should be possible through online life. Through this it very well may be seen plainly that online life is exceptionally equipped for educating general society for the interests regarding law implementation. I can comprehend that a few people may have reservations because of the current unregulated nature of web based life. In any case, the appropriate response isn't to state that we shouldn’t use it yet rather to execute proper shields so as to refine and control these destinations. Like all new and progressive turns of events, it might take some time for it to be culminated, yet before long utilizing online networking to tackle wrongdoing will be not any more surprising than the good old pen and paper. Change is difficult to acknowledge, anyway opposing the utilization of online networking to aid law implementation is as futile as it would have been to oppose the end of the pony and truck when vehicles were developed. Society normally advances; we have to concentrate on the positive and reinforcing change this will have on our country. Our age have grasped this innovation, in contrast to our folks. It is regular that we should consider it to be a piece of things to come of law requirement. The same number of individuals state, the young is the expectation for our future. More youthful ages don't react, similar to our folks, to the customary media, for example, papers or radio, we react to a special capacity of correspondence online life. Our most significant need ought to be our wellbeing, Social media isn't the response to every one of our issues, however it will bring us one bit nearer.

Sample on Case Study Assignment

Sample on Case Study Assignment Case Study Assignment Mar 26, 2018 in Case Studies Introduction It has been necessary that the ratios of students to teachers be examined in order to find out whether more teachers should be employed to assist students or enroll more students to utilize the services provided by teacher. It has been found possible to find this relationship by the use of descriptive statistics to estimate whether more teachers should be employed or more students should be enrolled. The main method that has been identified is the use of statistical techniques such as the use of descriptive statistics: mean, median, standard deviation and variance as well as the use of analytical techniques such as correlation analysis. Correlation analysis has been done by determination of correlation coefficient. Some of the schools in San Diego include Dana Middle School, Point Loma High School, San Diego Unified School and Herbert Hoover High School. This study involves the analysis of these schools in San Diego from the year 2000 until the year 2004.

Alexander The Great As A Moral Example - Free Essay Example

Alexander III, who would later become known as Alexander the Great, was born in 356 BCE in Macedonia into the royal family of Philip II and Olympias. Due to the circumstances of his birth and his lineage, great things were expected from Alexander. Philips court prophet, and Olympias dreams previewed Alexanders destiny for greatness as did his descent from the line of Hercules on his fathers side, and Achilles on his mothers side. Philip dreamed his son would have the nature of a lion and Olympias dreamed that her womb was struck by a thunderbolt from Zeus (source). These factors would contribute to how Alexander saw himself and how the world saw him. As a child, Alexander was exposed to Greek literature containing stories about great heroes and how mortals and gods interacted. These were not simply stories to Alexander however, they were accounts of his ancestors for him to learn from. Additionally, Olympias, his mother, believed that a god had impregnated her and that Alexander was the son of a divine father and she told him this, which would have led to Alexander wholeheartedly believing that he was at least partly divine. As Alexander got older he began to train in the many disciplines of warfare and studied under Aristotle. When he reached his teenage years he had already proved himself a worthy leader on the battlefield and in the royal court. Alexander and his father had a complicated and ugly falling out which resulted in Alexander and his mother fleeing. Soon after Philip was assassinated and Alexander rose to power. The situation is clouded in suspicion and mystery, but Alexander emerged from it as the unquestioned heir. He took time to re-establish Macedonian dominance and prove himself a worthy king, but lost no time in turning to his big goal: the conquest of Persia. Alexanders aspiration to conquer Persia can be traced back to his childhood and lineage. He believed his ancestors included Hercules and Achilles, two mythical legends. He grew up reading stories of their conquests and victories, and believed himself to be not only like them but capable of similar feats. Additionally, as a teen Alexander heard that his father had aspirations to take his armies to Persia, but never had the opportunity to execute those plans. All of these elements combined, plus Alexanders ambitious nature led him to pursue the invasion of Persia so hard at his young age. Alexander blew off the recommendations of his advisors in regards to getting married and having an heir before going on a long term conquest in a far away land. (source). He went about preparing his nation, his army, and himself for the endeavours ahead of him. Alexander learned the value of soft power from his father and essentially paid off elites to maintain good relations, he made sure to do what he could to gain the favor of the gods, and he left garrisons behind to defend the homeland. Alexander set off with a force much smaller than his enemies, and arrived in Asia low on funds. If he did not win early and win big, his expedition was doomed (source 1). Upon arrival Alexander began making sacrifices to the gods at the ancient city of Troy as the and to placate the gods was every bit as important as the need to feed his soldiers or fortify an encampment (source 1). This shows how seriously Alexander took his expedition and that he was god fearing. He led his army to an early victory at the Granicus River against the advisement of his counsel. With this victory he punished those who stood against him but rewarded those who recognized him as their king. As he moved forward, he made the decision to send his naval forces home, a decision that scholars still debate the purpose of. Thus far the expedition had been successful, but leaving behind valuable resources and keeping the moral of the men high was going to be a challenging task. In addition to Alexanders efforts to keep the men happy, their view of him kept motivation levels high. The men began to see Alexander as more than just a mere mortal. His accomplishment at the strategically valuable city of Gordian by solving the previously unsolvable Gordian knot only furthered this view of Alexander as more than just a man. At this point King Darius of Persia realized that Alexander and his army posed a very real threat to his empire and began preparing his army, but he was late. Alexander made it through the critical pass at the Cilician Gates, saved Tarsus, and recovered from an illness that many of his doctors feared would take him. The expedition continued as Alexanders forces soon met Darius main army at Issus. Alexander motivated his men who were vastly outnumbered and used superior tactics and strategy to lead them to an important victory. Not only did Alexander demonstrate superiority on the battlefield, but the respect with which he treated the women and royal Persian family greatly enhanced his honor among Macedonians, Greeks, and Persians alike (source 1). Alexanders next move was highly strategic and shows he paid attention in his history lessons. Instead of opting to move further east, he chose to move south, in order to protect Greece before moving onwards. This strategic move was met with approval by the troops as they had heard of the riches that were help in Phoenicia and Egypt. During this conquest, Darius sent a letter to Alexander with an offer. The contents of the offer are not certain, but Alexanders dismissal of the offer was quite certain. Darius sent a second letter with what Parmenion called a lavish offer, but to Alexander it was an insult to suggest that it could end in a draw (source 1). After Gaza, Egypt easily accepted Alexander and his army and now he could turn his focus back to defeating Darius once and for all. Alexander and Darius met once more near Gaugamela, and Alexander treating the battle like a game of chess forced Darius to flee a second time. He continued on to Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis which he des troyed violently due to their inhumane treatment of Greek prisoners. Now, the only task left for Alexander to accomplish was to catch Darius, but Bessus betrayed his King by killing him, and thus giving Alexander a new target to pursue. After Bessus had been caught and reprimanded, Alexander proceeded to tie up loose ends around his new Persian empire before planning his next move into India. Alexander continued his life of conquest, but his life was cut short as he fell ill and died June 13, 323 at the age of 33 (Britannica). Although his reign ended, his legacy did not. Alexander brought Hellenic influences with him everywhere he went. Hellenic influence, or the influence of Greek culture, could be seen everywhere in the cultures of Alexanders empire (ushistory). The architecture, literature, philosophy, writing, theatre, language, and coinage were all elements of Hellenization that could be seen throughout the cultures of areas that Alexander conquered (ancient eu). Additionally, other historical leaders such as Napoleon, John Adams, Jefferson, Hitler, Roosevelt, and George H. W. Bush have employed Alexander as a moral example, sometimes as one to reject, sometimes as one to imitate, always as one that must be studied for life lessons (source 1).

Data Sheet Analysis for Kafkas Metamorphosis Essay

Noah Watkins Nosky Analysis of Major Works 12/4/12 Major Works Data Sheet |Note: You may download from Edline or email me for a Word version of this sheet. | | |Details of the setting (include changes in setting): | |Author: Franz Kafka |The entirety of the novel takes place within the confines of the | | |Samsas apartment, save for the final paragraph, where the family | |Date of Publication: 1915 |goes off to†¦show more content†¦For some this may cause a lack of interest in the | | |book, as we never feel fully entranced. Kafka demonstrates this | | |throughout, as he talks about the metamorphosis as a normal incident. | | |Stanley Corngold writes: The Metamorphosis is dominated by an | | |aesthetic intent. The intent to literalize a metaphor produces a being | | |wholly divorced from empirical reality (9). The Metamorphosis is | | |simply trying to come to terms with Gregors literal metamorphosis. | | |Finally, Kafka begins his sentences normally enough, but by placing the| | |past participle at the end, he creates a snappy, surprising ending.. | | |This is much more apparent in the original German than in the English | |

Essay on Douglas N. Husaks A Moral Right to Use Drugs

Douglas N. Husaks A Moral Right to Use Drugs In Douglas N. Husak’s A Moral Right to Use Drugs he attempts to look at drug use from an impartial standpoint in order to determine what is the best legal status for currently illegal drugs. Husak first describes the current legal situation concerning drugs in America, citing figures that show how drug crimes now make up a large percentage of crimes in our country. Husak explains the disruption which this causes within the judicial system and it is made clear that he is not content with the current way drugs are treated. The figures that Husak offers up, such as the fact that up to one third of all felony charges involve drugs, are startling, but more evidence is needed than†¦show more content†¦Just why does Husak use the phrase â€Å"perceived problems,† does he leave room for the allowance of hard drug addiction to not necessarily be considered a problem? I believe a brief discussion on the numbers of recreational users verses abusers is needed. True this da ta, as with any data concerning an illegal and disapproved behavior, may be skewed, but if Husak is right in asserting that these â€Å"problems† only occur in â€Å"a few† then he should attempt to prove this. The line between use and abuse may be unclear, but it should be sketched out if a relevant discussion of legalization is to be had. Husak believes a large part of the reason the drugs are so looked down upon in our society is simply because they are used as a scapegoat. Politicians are able to use drugs to explain away crime, poverty, unemployment, the destruction of the American family and many other hot button issues. Because of the fact that drugs are so taboo it is a widely held belief that drugs are just so powerful that no one can be blamed for what he or she might do while under the influence. This translates into groups of people not being responsible which means that those in charge of maintaining the order of these groups are not at fault. Therefore, in a society riddled with problems nobody is to blame, we must simply blame the drug. This is an

Marriage and Social Class Essay - 741 Words

Many cultures categorize their society according to wealth, power, education, religion, ethnicity and occupation. These differences usually draw the lines that not all are willing to cross for different reasons. In America, the consequences when crossing classes are usually implemented by an individual’s family and peers. If a person decides to date or marry someone of a lower class, the immediate concern would be if the person of a lower class is interested for monetary gain whereas, the person of a lower class may be concerned if they would be treated as an equal in the relationship. With these problems present the courtship or marriage could be domed from the beginning or made to work harder at leveling the playing field. I†¦show more content†¦In most cases, parents with young children are thinking ahead as to who would be a good match and what social events to come would provide excellent choices of companionship. Their expectations would be for their chil dren to select a person of equal or greater than the wealth of their own. In many cases, if a selection of a lower class is the choice of an immediate family member there would be great consequences including releasing them from all or most of the family’s wealth. Some would perceive the choice as rebellious and some may feel that it’s simply true love. If a person is made to feel that options are limited it may be an act of rebellious. However, if they stumble across a person they feel a connection with and is able to communicate on a level of satisfaction than the ability to proceed should be encouraged. Too often, members of the upper class enter the union of marriage because it meet or exceed the expectation of family and peers and later become unhappy with their choice. When this happens, they are reluctant to free themselves in fear of what others would think. Women in most marriages of the upper class are unhappy because the husband is usually away from the home on extended stays for multiple reasons. To fill the void of their husbands’ temporary absenteeism, they will keep themselves busy with charities, hobbies andShow MoreRelatedMarriage in Pride and Prejudice Defined by Gender, Social Class, and Family 1800 Words   |  8 Pagesfamily, and their own desires. The social struggle of men and women is seen throughout the novel. Characters, like Elizabeth, are examples of females not acting as proper as women were supposed to, while other women like Mrs. Bennett allow themselves to be controlled by men and society. Mr. Collins is a representation of the struggles males deal with in a novel dominated by women. The theme of marriage is prominent during Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Marriage can be examined in different waysRead MoreThemes Of Social Mobility Through Marriage1655 Words   |  7 Pagescritically analyses t he theme of social mobility through marriage in Shakespeare’s play ‘Twelfth Night’. In addition, the paper highlights how different characters in the play got into higher social classes or desired to be in higher social classes through marriage. This paper holds that in a highly stratified society such as that presented in the Shakespeare’s play; marriage plays a significant role in in social class mobility. As opposed to some traditional society where marriage was only permitted alongRead MoreMarriage And English Society Within The 1800 S1322 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen provides her readers with insight into marriage and English society within the 1800’s. In Emma, the story establishes the idea that society could not function without marriage and how the institution of marriage defined one’s social status. 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American marriages are straying away from the traditional and religious role of marriage, where in som e marriages hereRead MorePride And Prejudice: Love And Money In Holy Matrimony .1396 Words   |  6 PagesHoly Matrimony Imagine a present day society where young women were only encouraged to seek a husband for their financial purposes and to gain a reputable status in the social class system. Today, who can fathom a happy marriage between two individuals without love? Well, that’s exactly what was expected in the life of the middle class families during the early nineteenth century, like the Bennet’s daughters in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice. The novel revolves around the lives of the EnglishRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1678 Words   |  7 Pagesfinding a prestigious mate of good wealth and social status. The primary goal for woman from this era was marriage. After reading Jane Austen’s most popular piece of work, the effects of the high societal expectations can be acknowledged through viewing the lives of the Bennet family and friends and noting such effects. Through the examination of the characters in Pride and Prejudice it is easily deciphered between marriages based upon true love and marriage based upon the expectations of society. Society’sRead MoreBritish Social Class in Mansfield Park by Jane Austen1742 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen closely describe the everyday life of rural middle class society, its gaieties and hardships, describing a distinct system of moral and social principles influencing people’s lives in that period, women status in the system and female life expectations. In the novel Austen shows the efforts of some trying to break the predetermined limitations in order to improve their social class and rank. Austen pointed out the social threats that might ruin the women’s lives permanently (Johnson,Read MorePride and Prejudice by Jane Austen1271 Words   |  5 PagesIn the 19th century England love and marriage were concepts that weren’t very closely related. The novel â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austen, centers on the importance of marriage as one of life’s most important treasures and life’s greatest source of happiness. As the boo k title so rightfully depicts, pride and prejudice was demonstrated by the various social classes against each other as per the moral and social expectations of that society. Austen presents the reader with two main factor about

Scientific Thinking And Research Methods Essay - 2031 Words

Scientific Thinking and Research Methods Alyssa Klingbyle, McKenna Krause, Taya Agius, Matthew Barnes University of Windsor 02-46-115 Article One: Jeff Galak, Tom Meyvis. (2011). The Pain Was Greater If It Will Happen Again: The Effect of Anticipated Continuation on Retrospective Discomfort. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2011, Vol. 140, No. 1, 63–75 DOI: 10.1037/a0021447 Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to test whether people rated a tedious task with a higher aversive, boredom, annoyance and irritation level if they knew they had to complete the task again rather than if they did not know they had to complete it again. Theoretical Basis of Study: Psychological mechanisms prevent people from reliving aversive experiences to their truest extremes, creating fewer aversive expectations. This will entice people to partake in the experience again, but this also assumes that people’s memory of the experience are not affected by their contemplation of repeating the experience. Research has shown that people are likely to brace themselves for the worst when going into negative situations, and react more negatively when these situations are unexpected. For example, students are typically optimistic about their mark just after finishing an exam; but as a few days or weeks go by, they are to brace themselves for the worst, and believe they may have done worse than they did. This experiment tests how people willShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking And Scientific Method847 Words   |  4 Pagesapproach to their experiments and research. The main two that they tend to use is critical thinking and scientific method. Critical thinking is defined as the process of thinking deeply and actively asking questions and evaluating evidence (Facione, 2011). 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Political Analysis of Qatar Free Essays

string(299) " and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council \(Majilis Al Shura\) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification Political parties and elections Qatar held a constitutional referendum in 2003, which was overwhelmingly supported\." POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT Qatar also known as state of Qatar is a sovereign Arab state, located in western Asia. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from nearby island state of Bahrain. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Analysis of Qatar or any similar topic only for you Order Now Qatar has been ruled absolutely by Al-Thani family since the mid 19th century. Formerly a British protectorate noted for pearl hunting, it became independent in 1971. Since, then it has become one of the region’s wealthiest states because of its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. The most important positioning Qatar are held by the members of the al Thani family, or close confidants of the al – Thani family in 1992 Qatar built a strong military ties with united states of America and Qatar is now location of U. S. central command’s forward headquarters and the combined air operations center. Qatar has the world’s highest GDP per capita and proven reserves of oil and natural gas. Qatar tops the list world’s richest countries by Forbes in 2010. Qatar did not emerge as a separate political entity until the mid 19th century when the British recognized sheikh Mohamed bin Thani. This recognition came in the aftermath of maritime Qatari Bahrain war of 1867 – 1868, prior to which the British saw Qatar as a Bahraini dependency of al – Khalifa. In march 1893, at the battle of Wajbah (10 miles west of Doha), Sheikh Jassim defeated the ottomans and forced a treaty that would later form the basis of Qatar emerging as a separate country. The reach of British Empire diminished after World War 2, especially following Indian independence in 1947. Pressure increased on British government in 1950s and British welcomed Kuwait’s declaration of independence in 1961. In 1968 Qatar joined Bahrain and seven other states in a federation, but regional dispute forced Qatar to resign from coalition. Qatar became independent sovereign state on 3 September 1971. In 1991 Qatar played a significant role in Persian Gulf War against Iraqi army. They supported Saudi Arab National Guard units. In 1995 emir Hamad bin Khalifa al Thani seized control of the country from his father Khalifa bin Hamad al Thani while his father was enjoying vacation in Switzerland. Under emir Hamad Qatar has showed notable change like women’s right to vote, drafting a new constitution, and launch of Al Jazeera. Qatar served as headquarter and one of the main launching sites of U. S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. In December 2010, Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA world cup and thus Qatar will be the first country of Middle East to host the tournament. Qataris celebrate their national day on 18th December. On this day the people of Qatar remembers Sheikh Jassim Bin Mohammad al Thani as a leader in 1878 and the force which supported Sheikh Jassim. Executive Branch In Qatar, the ruling Al Thani family continued to hold power following the declaration of independence in 1971. The head of state is the Emir, and the right to rule Qatar is passed on within the Al Thani family. Politically, Qatar is evolving from a traditional society into a modern welfare state. Government departments have been established to meet the requirements of social and economic progress. The Basic Law of Qatar 1970 institutionalized local customs rooted in Qatar’s conservative Islamic heritage, granting the Emir preeminent power. There is no electoral system. Political parties are banned. The influx of expatriate Arabs has introduced ideas that call into question the tenets of Qatar’s traditional society, but there has been no serious challenge to Al Thani rule. In February 1972, the Deputy Ruler and Prime Minister, Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad, deposed his cousin, Emir Ahmed, and assumed power. This move was supported by the key members of Al Thani and took place without violence or signs of political unrest. On June 27, 1995, the Deputy Ruler, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa deposed his father, Emir Khalifa, in a bloodless coup. Emir Hamad and his father reconciled in 1996. Constitutional Authorities: His highness the Emir is the head of the constitutional authorities, holding both legislative and executive powers. The Council of ministers assists in implementing the general policies of the state and the Advisory Council gives recommendations and advice on public matters referred to it by the Council of ministers. Emir: The Emir is the ruler of the state. Ruler in Qatar is hereditarily within the family of Al-Thani, whereby, power is transferred from father to son. In case no son is available, power is transferred to the person whom the Emir chooses within the family of Al-Thani in accordance with the Emiri Decision No (3) for 1995 amending some provisions of the Amended Provisional Constitution on hereditary transfer of power. The Heir Apparent is appointed in accordance with the manner stipulated in the Article No (21) of the Constitution and carries the title of His Highness the Heir Apparent. Article (17) of the Amended Provisional Constitution authorizes the Emir to issue decrees based on the advice of the Council of Ministers and in the consultation with the Advisory Council. Article (18) gives powers to the Emir assisted by the Council of ministers. The Emir thus holds both legislative and executive powers with the assistance of Council of Ministers and the Advisory Council. The Emir’s role is influenced by continuing traditions of consultation, rule by consensus, and the citizen’s right to appeal personally to the Emir. The Emir, while directly accountable to one, cannot violate the Sharia (Islamic law) and, in practice, must consider the opinions of leading notables and the religious establishment. Council of Ministers The supreme chancellor has the exclusive power to appoint and remove the prime minister and cabinet ministers who, together, comprise the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country. The Council of Ministers also initiates legislation. Laws and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council (Majilis Al Shura) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification Political parties and elections Qatar held a constitutional referendum in 2003, which was overwhelmingly supported. You read "Political Analysis of Qatar" in category "Essay examples" The first municipal elections with men and women voters and candidates were held in 2007 and 2011. The first legislative council’s 45 seats are planned for 2013. Suffrage is currently limited to municipal elections and two thirds of the seats in the legislative council, with the voting age number of residents who are prevented from applying for citizenship. The selected municipal Council has no executive powers but may offer advice to the ministers. Administrative divisions Map of the municipalities of Qatar, since 2004 Before 2004, Qatar was divided into ten municipalities, also occasionally or rarely translated as governorates or provinces: 1. Doha (Ad Dawhah) 2. Al Ghuwariyah 3. Al Jumaliyah 4. Al Khawr 5. Al Wakrah 6. Ar Rayyan 7. Jariyan al Batnah 8. Madinat ash Shamal 9. Umm Salal 10. Mesaieed Since 2004, Qatar has been divided into seven municipalities. A new municipality, Al Daayen, was created under Resolution No. 13, formed from parts of Umm Salal and Al  Khawr; at the same time, Al Ghuwariyah was merged with Al Khawr; Al  Jumaliyah was merged with Ar Rayyan; Jarayan al Batnah was split between Ar Rayyan and Al  Wakrah; and Mesaieed was merged with Al Wakrah. For statistical purposes, the municipalities are further subdivided into zones (87 in number as of 2004), which are in turn subdivided into blocks. The constitutional development in Qatar graduated from one phase to another, keeping pace with the development of the country and it’s economic growth. The first provisional constitution was issued in 1970 before independence and it was amended in 1972 after independence, in order to cope with the requirements and responsibilities of the new phase. Since that time the objectives and features of the state policy and its Gulf, Arab and Islamic affiliations were determined. The State’s authorities and apparatus acquired their experience from actually practicing these authorities in the internal and external domains. Amendments were made on some provisions of the provisional basic statute in regard to the executive authority and hereditary rule so as to conclude the constitutional arrangements in the country. The judiciary act and other basic laws, which were enacted to regulate civil and commercial interactions, were other steps on the way to build up the government apparatus and lay down the foundation for the rule of institutions and the law. To reach that goal, an Emiri Decree was issued in July 1999 to form a high level committee to draft a new, permanent constitution for the country, one of the main provisions of which would be to cope with the achievements of the State of Qatar and to meet the aspirations and hopes of the 21st century. At the end of June 1999, the Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah Bin Khalifa Al-Thani issued a decision to form a ministerial committee mandated to study the planning of future economic and industrial development in the country in the light of current global trends. In December 1999 H. H. the Emir Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani issued an Emiri Decree to form the â€Å"High Committee for Coordination and Follow Up†, chaired by H. H. the Heir Apparent Sheikh Jassim Bin Hamad Al-Thani. The Committee is mandated to study the projects proposed by the ministries of public utilities and services sector and work to explore the means to improve coordination among these ministries with a view to enhance cooperation and optimize the implementation of projects. In 1999, free elections were held to form the Central Municipal Council for the first time in the history of Qatar. The historic event marked the country’s first step towards democracy in its civic sense. In a pioneering move, women were allowed both to vote and run as candidates in this initial step towards popular participation in decision making in the country. Human rights To western eyes, the Qatari authorities seem to keep a relatively tight rein freedom of expansion and moves for equality. The Freedom in the World 2010 report by Freedom House lists Qatar as â€Å"Not Free† and on a 1-7 scale rates the country a 6 for political rights and 5 for civil liberties. As of 2011, the Democracy Index describes Qatar an â€Å"authoritarian regime† with the source of 3. 18 out of 10, and ranks 138th out of 167 countries covered. The citizens of Qatar enjoy equal civil rights and responsibilities without discrimination on grounds of race, origin or religion. Laws cannot be applied retroactively and no sentence may be passed except under the terms of existing law. A suspect is innocent until is proven guilty and is entitled to a fair trial. The civil liberties guaranteed by the state include the right of residence, freedom of press and publication and private ownership. These rights cannot be circumscribed except where the practice of such rights contravenes the law or the public interest. The basic statute requires all those residing in the state to observe public order and respect public customs and morals. On its part, the state is responsible for providing public jobs for all residents. Legislative Branch The advisory Council can draft and approve laws, but final say is in the hands of Emir. The council has 45 members, 30 of whom are elected by direct, general secret ballot, and 15 of whom are appointed by the Emir. An Advisory Council or Majlis Al-Shura has limited legislative authority to draft and approve laws, but the Emir has final say on all matters. No legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there were partial elections to the body In 2003, Qatar adopted a new constitution that provided for the direct election of 30 of the 45  members of Advisory Council. As of 2012, the Council is composed entirely of members appointed by the Emir. Elections to the Majlis Al-Shura have been announced, and then postponed, several times. In 2011 the emir announced that elections to the council would be held in the second half of 2013. An elected 29-member Central Municipal Council (CMC) has limited consultative authority aimed at improving municipal services. The CMC makes recommendations to the Ministry for Municipal Affairs and Agriculture. Disagreement between the CMC and the Ministry can be brought to the Council of Ministers for resolution. Municipal elections are scheduled for every four years. The most recent elections for the council were in May 2011. Before 1999, members of the CMC were appointed by the government. Judicial Branch In 2007, an Administrative Court, a constitutional Court, and Courts of First instances, Appeal and Cassation were established. All judges are appointed by Amiri degree, on the recommendation of the Supreme Judiciary Council. Terms are for three years. The legal system is based on Islamic and civil law codes, and a discretionary system of law controlled by the Emir. Islamic law dominates family and personal issues. In May 2011, Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-member Central Municipal Corporation (CMC), which has limited consultative powers aimed at improving the provision of municipal services. Male and female Qataris aged 18 and older are able to vote, and run as candidates for election. There are no political parties in Qatar. Consultative Assembly The Consultative Assembly has 35 appointed members with only consultative tasks. However, the 2003 Constitution of Qatar calls for a 45 member elected Legislature, which is to be made up of 30 elected representatives and 15 appointed by the Emir. In 2006, Prime Minister Al Thani-then the Deputy PM- announced that elections would be held in 2007. However, only a legislative council to review the subject was created that year. The actual elections have been postponed three times; most recently in June 2010, when the Emir extended the Consultative Assembly’s tenure until 2013. Foreign Policy H. H. Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of the state of Qatar is considered a highly competent politician and a great contributor to the enrichment of international and regional political practice. The manifestations of that contribution are reflected in the boosting of the economic and political cooperation between Qatar and the Gulf Arab States in particular and between Qatar and the rest of the world in general. Such contributions emanate from a strategic vision, which is marked by courage, objectivity and comprehensiveness. The personalities Doha received during the last five years and the official visits paid by H. H. the Emir Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani to the three old continents in addition to North America, all were positively reflected in Qatar’s high standing amongst the states of the world which qualified it to play a positive and influential role marked by reality, transparency, clarity of vision and the adoption of moderate political approach. On October 10, 2005, for the first time, Qatar was elected to a two-year term on the UN Security Council for 2006-2007. According to BBC, in April 2006 Qatar announced that it will give US$50 million to the new Hamas-1ed Palestinian government. Hamas, an ally of Iran and Hezbollah, is considered by the US and the EU to be a terrorist organization. In May 2006, Qatar pledged more than $100 million to Hurricane Katrina relief to colleges and universities in Louisiana affected by the hurricane. Some of this money was also distributed to families looking to repair damaged homes by Neighborhood Housing Services of New Orleans, Inc. Qatar is member of ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, International Maritime organization, Intelsat Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, and WTO. Most of the developed countries are exempt from visa requirements. Citizens of exempted countries can also request a joint visa that allows them to travel to Oman as well Israeli passport holders however are forbidden to enter Qatar. The Qatari government is the primary benefactor of the Al Jazeera television network. Accused of biased reporting against some governments, the network has been banned in Kuwait. This has led to strained relations between Qatar and some government in the region who see the Qatari government as responsible for Al Jazeera’s purportedly incendiary reporting. International Relations Qatar is very keen to participate actively in the efforts to deal with all the concerns and the challenges that the Gulf region encounters. It places increasing emphasis on supporting the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and spares no effort to bring about solidarity and strengthen ties of mutual trust and communication between Arab countries, propagates the wisdom of resorting to peaceful means in resolving all the disputes among the countries, approves the United Nations efforts to uphold peace and security and works to maintain good relations with all peace-loving people and countries. Qatar rejects and denounces all forms and manifestations of terrorism, regardless of its causes, objectives and means. It, however, differentiates between terrorism and the people’s struggle and legitimate rights of freedom and self-determination in accordance with the provisions of International Laws. Qatar in all regional and international occasions, expresses its grave concerns over the escalation of conflicts, ethnic cleansing and denial of the rights of minorities in some countries of Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa and other continents. Qatar welcomes all international agreements concluded with a view to resolving such problems and pledges support for the efforts exerted by regional and international organizations to achieve peace and stability in some states and regions of the world. In the International Arena Qatar works very hard to establish close ties of cooperation with all peace-loving countries and people, extends generous financial aid to many developing countries in Asia and Africa and contributes to various regional and international aid funds to create the widest possible avenue of international cooperation. Qatar has always been a staunch supporter of liberation movement and has constantly denounced all kinds of racial discrimination wherever it exists. In May 1994, Qatar hosted the meetings of the Regional Security and Arms Limitations General Committee. Qatar adopts a set of principles as a basis for peace and security in the Middle East and the world at large. At the top of those principles comes the abstention from using or threatening to use force against territorial integrity of other countries, and seeking to resolve disputes by peaceful means such as regional or international arbitration, and dialogue. In recognition of Qatar’s vital role and contribution in the efforts to uphold peace, the special work group of the Regional Security and Arms Limitations General Committee for the Middle East decided in December 1994 to establish a regional center for the group in Doha to act as a front line dispute prevention and resolution facility. And as an expression of appreciation from the international community of the policies adopted by Qatar in the regional and the international spheres, Qatar was elected in March 1995 deputy chairman for the international social development Summit Conference, in the context of the UN regional groups representation. U. S. -Qatari Relations A U. S. embassy was established in Doha in 1973, but U. S. relations with Qatar did not blossom until the 1991 Gulf War. The United States promptly recognized the assumptions of power by Sheikh Hamad in June 1995. Qatar’s articipation in Arab-Israeli peace process accord with U. S. ’ efforts to foster and expanding dialogue between Israel and Arab States. The two governments differ to some degree in their positions regarding Iran and Iraq. Qatar favors a policy of constructive engagement with these two states. By contrast, the United States favors isolating them through the policy of ‘Dual Containment’ Trade between United S tates and Qatar has increased after the Gulf war. U. S. exports to Qatar amounted to $354. 11 million in 1998, consisting mainly of machinery and transport equipment. U. S. imports from Qatar, mainly textiles and fertilizers, totaled $220. 36 million in 1998. Over the past five years, the level of bilateral trade has more than doubled. Although the bulk of Qatar’s trade continues to be with a few European countries and Japan, several U. S. firms, including Mobil, Occidental, Pennzoil, Enron, and Bechtel are active in the exploitation of Qatar’s oil and gas resources. Despite the presence of U. S. firms in the Qatari hydrocarbon industry, the U. S. imports virtually no oil from Qatar. Bilateral defense and security cooperation has expanded since the Gulf war. On June 23, 1992, the United States and Qatar concluded a Defense Cooperation agreement that provided for U. S. access to Qatari bases, pre-positioning of United States material, and combined military exercises. Since the agreement, the United States and Qatar have begun to implement plans for pre-positioning U. S. military equipment for a use in a future contingency in the Gulf, including enough tanks and associated equipment for an armored brigade. A warehouse for U. S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Henry Shelton stated that the pre-positioning station â€Å"is right on schedule at this time and will be a great enhancement to our capabilities as well as, I think, provide a great capability that we would not have had otherwise† Qatar has also expressed a willingness to host a forward presence for U. S. Central Command and it has begun allowing U. S. P-3 maritime patrols originating from Qatar. On several occasions, Qatar has hosted temporary deployments of U. S. Air Expeditionary Forces that enhance U. S. aircraft carrier coverage of the Gulf 10 Qatar has held informal iscussions about purchasing the U. S. built MI A2 tank and Patriot PAC ill air defense system, but no U. S. sales are anticipated at this time. The U. S. has been supportive of Qatar’s recent moves toward political liberalization. In March 1999, Rep. Sue Kelly and Rep. Carolyn Maloney headed a congressional delegation that observed Qatar’s election for a Central Municipal Council. In the election’s aftermath, Congress passed a resolution congratulating the state of Qatar and its citizens for their commitment to democratic ideals and women’s suffrage (S. Con. Res. 14, March 4, 1999, and H. Con Res. 35, April 13, 1999) How to cite Political Analysis of Qatar, Essay examples

Political Analysis of Qatar Free Essays

string(299) " and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council \(Majilis Al Shura\) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification Political parties and elections Qatar held a constitutional referendum in 2003, which was overwhelmingly supported\." POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT Qatar also known as state of Qatar is a sovereign Arab state, located in western Asia. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from nearby island state of Bahrain. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Analysis of Qatar or any similar topic only for you Order Now Qatar has been ruled absolutely by Al-Thani family since the mid 19th century. Formerly a British protectorate noted for pearl hunting, it became independent in 1971. Since, then it has become one of the region’s wealthiest states because of its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. The most important positioning Qatar are held by the members of the al Thani family, or close confidants of the al – Thani family in 1992 Qatar built a strong military ties with united states of America and Qatar is now location of U. S. central command’s forward headquarters and the combined air operations center. Qatar has the world’s highest GDP per capita and proven reserves of oil and natural gas. Qatar tops the list world’s richest countries by Forbes in 2010. Qatar did not emerge as a separate political entity until the mid 19th century when the British recognized sheikh Mohamed bin Thani. This recognition came in the aftermath of maritime Qatari Bahrain war of 1867 – 1868, prior to which the British saw Qatar as a Bahraini dependency of al – Khalifa. In march 1893, at the battle of Wajbah (10 miles west of Doha), Sheikh Jassim defeated the ottomans and forced a treaty that would later form the basis of Qatar emerging as a separate country. The reach of British Empire diminished after World War 2, especially following Indian independence in 1947. Pressure increased on British government in 1950s and British welcomed Kuwait’s declaration of independence in 1961. In 1968 Qatar joined Bahrain and seven other states in a federation, but regional dispute forced Qatar to resign from coalition. Qatar became independent sovereign state on 3 September 1971. In 1991 Qatar played a significant role in Persian Gulf War against Iraqi army. They supported Saudi Arab National Guard units. In 1995 emir Hamad bin Khalifa al Thani seized control of the country from his father Khalifa bin Hamad al Thani while his father was enjoying vacation in Switzerland. Under emir Hamad Qatar has showed notable change like women’s right to vote, drafting a new constitution, and launch of Al Jazeera. Qatar served as headquarter and one of the main launching sites of U. S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. In December 2010, Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA world cup and thus Qatar will be the first country of Middle East to host the tournament. Qataris celebrate their national day on 18th December. On this day the people of Qatar remembers Sheikh Jassim Bin Mohammad al Thani as a leader in 1878 and the force which supported Sheikh Jassim. Executive Branch In Qatar, the ruling Al Thani family continued to hold power following the declaration of independence in 1971. The head of state is the Emir, and the right to rule Qatar is passed on within the Al Thani family. Politically, Qatar is evolving from a traditional society into a modern welfare state. Government departments have been established to meet the requirements of social and economic progress. The Basic Law of Qatar 1970 institutionalized local customs rooted in Qatar’s conservative Islamic heritage, granting the Emir preeminent power. There is no electoral system. Political parties are banned. The influx of expatriate Arabs has introduced ideas that call into question the tenets of Qatar’s traditional society, but there has been no serious challenge to Al Thani rule. In February 1972, the Deputy Ruler and Prime Minister, Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad, deposed his cousin, Emir Ahmed, and assumed power. This move was supported by the key members of Al Thani and took place without violence or signs of political unrest. On June 27, 1995, the Deputy Ruler, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa deposed his father, Emir Khalifa, in a bloodless coup. Emir Hamad and his father reconciled in 1996. Constitutional Authorities: His highness the Emir is the head of the constitutional authorities, holding both legislative and executive powers. The Council of ministers assists in implementing the general policies of the state and the Advisory Council gives recommendations and advice on public matters referred to it by the Council of ministers. Emir: The Emir is the ruler of the state. Ruler in Qatar is hereditarily within the family of Al-Thani, whereby, power is transferred from father to son. In case no son is available, power is transferred to the person whom the Emir chooses within the family of Al-Thani in accordance with the Emiri Decision No (3) for 1995 amending some provisions of the Amended Provisional Constitution on hereditary transfer of power. The Heir Apparent is appointed in accordance with the manner stipulated in the Article No (21) of the Constitution and carries the title of His Highness the Heir Apparent. Article (17) of the Amended Provisional Constitution authorizes the Emir to issue decrees based on the advice of the Council of Ministers and in the consultation with the Advisory Council. Article (18) gives powers to the Emir assisted by the Council of ministers. The Emir thus holds both legislative and executive powers with the assistance of Council of Ministers and the Advisory Council. The Emir’s role is influenced by continuing traditions of consultation, rule by consensus, and the citizen’s right to appeal personally to the Emir. The Emir, while directly accountable to one, cannot violate the Sharia (Islamic law) and, in practice, must consider the opinions of leading notables and the religious establishment. Council of Ministers The supreme chancellor has the exclusive power to appoint and remove the prime minister and cabinet ministers who, together, comprise the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country. The Council of Ministers also initiates legislation. Laws and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council (Majilis Al Shura) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification Political parties and elections Qatar held a constitutional referendum in 2003, which was overwhelmingly supported. You read "Political Analysis of Qatar" in category "Essay examples" The first municipal elections with men and women voters and candidates were held in 2007 and 2011. The first legislative council’s 45 seats are planned for 2013. Suffrage is currently limited to municipal elections and two thirds of the seats in the legislative council, with the voting age number of residents who are prevented from applying for citizenship. The selected municipal Council has no executive powers but may offer advice to the ministers. Administrative divisions Map of the municipalities of Qatar, since 2004 Before 2004, Qatar was divided into ten municipalities, also occasionally or rarely translated as governorates or provinces: 1. Doha (Ad Dawhah) 2. Al Ghuwariyah 3. Al Jumaliyah 4. Al Khawr 5. Al Wakrah 6. Ar Rayyan 7. Jariyan al Batnah 8. Madinat ash Shamal 9. Umm Salal 10. Mesaieed Since 2004, Qatar has been divided into seven municipalities. A new municipality, Al Daayen, was created under Resolution No. 13, formed from parts of Umm Salal and Al  Khawr; at the same time, Al Ghuwariyah was merged with Al Khawr; Al  Jumaliyah was merged with Ar Rayyan; Jarayan al Batnah was split between Ar Rayyan and Al  Wakrah; and Mesaieed was merged with Al Wakrah. For statistical purposes, the municipalities are further subdivided into zones (87 in number as of 2004), which are in turn subdivided into blocks. The constitutional development in Qatar graduated from one phase to another, keeping pace with the development of the country and it’s economic growth. The first provisional constitution was issued in 1970 before independence and it was amended in 1972 after independence, in order to cope with the requirements and responsibilities of the new phase. Since that time the objectives and features of the state policy and its Gulf, Arab and Islamic affiliations were determined. The State’s authorities and apparatus acquired their experience from actually practicing these authorities in the internal and external domains. Amendments were made on some provisions of the provisional basic statute in regard to the executive authority and hereditary rule so as to conclude the constitutional arrangements in the country. The judiciary act and other basic laws, which were enacted to regulate civil and commercial interactions, were other steps on the way to build up the government apparatus and lay down the foundation for the rule of institutions and the law. To reach that goal, an Emiri Decree was issued in July 1999 to form a high level committee to draft a new, permanent constitution for the country, one of the main provisions of which would be to cope with the achievements of the State of Qatar and to meet the aspirations and hopes of the 21st century. At the end of June 1999, the Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah Bin Khalifa Al-Thani issued a decision to form a ministerial committee mandated to study the planning of future economic and industrial development in the country in the light of current global trends. In December 1999 H. H. the Emir Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani issued an Emiri Decree to form the â€Å"High Committee for Coordination and Follow Up†, chaired by H. H. the Heir Apparent Sheikh Jassim Bin Hamad Al-Thani. The Committee is mandated to study the projects proposed by the ministries of public utilities and services sector and work to explore the means to improve coordination among these ministries with a view to enhance cooperation and optimize the implementation of projects. In 1999, free elections were held to form the Central Municipal Council for the first time in the history of Qatar. The historic event marked the country’s first step towards democracy in its civic sense. In a pioneering move, women were allowed both to vote and run as candidates in this initial step towards popular participation in decision making in the country. Human rights To western eyes, the Qatari authorities seem to keep a relatively tight rein freedom of expansion and moves for equality. The Freedom in the World 2010 report by Freedom House lists Qatar as â€Å"Not Free† and on a 1-7 scale rates the country a 6 for political rights and 5 for civil liberties. As of 2011, the Democracy Index describes Qatar an â€Å"authoritarian regime† with the source of 3. 18 out of 10, and ranks 138th out of 167 countries covered. The citizens of Qatar enjoy equal civil rights and responsibilities without discrimination on grounds of race, origin or religion. Laws cannot be applied retroactively and no sentence may be passed except under the terms of existing law. A suspect is innocent until is proven guilty and is entitled to a fair trial. The civil liberties guaranteed by the state include the right of residence, freedom of press and publication and private ownership. These rights cannot be circumscribed except where the practice of such rights contravenes the law or the public interest. The basic statute requires all those residing in the state to observe public order and respect public customs and morals. On its part, the state is responsible for providing public jobs for all residents. Legislative Branch The advisory Council can draft and approve laws, but final say is in the hands of Emir. The council has 45 members, 30 of whom are elected by direct, general secret ballot, and 15 of whom are appointed by the Emir. An Advisory Council or Majlis Al-Shura has limited legislative authority to draft and approve laws, but the Emir has final say on all matters. No legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there were partial elections to the body In 2003, Qatar adopted a new constitution that provided for the direct election of 30 of the 45  members of Advisory Council. As of 2012, the Council is composed entirely of members appointed by the Emir. Elections to the Majlis Al-Shura have been announced, and then postponed, several times. In 2011 the emir announced that elections to the council would be held in the second half of 2013. An elected 29-member Central Municipal Council (CMC) has limited consultative authority aimed at improving municipal services. The CMC makes recommendations to the Ministry for Municipal Affairs and Agriculture. Disagreement between the CMC and the Ministry can be brought to the Council of Ministers for resolution. Municipal elections are scheduled for every four years. The most recent elections for the council were in May 2011. Before 1999, members of the CMC were appointed by the government. Judicial Branch In 2007, an Administrative Court, a constitutional Court, and Courts of First instances, Appeal and Cassation were established. All judges are appointed by Amiri degree, on the recommendation of the Supreme Judiciary Council. Terms are for three years. The legal system is based on Islamic and civil law codes, and a discretionary system of law controlled by the Emir. Islamic law dominates family and personal issues. In May 2011, Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-member Central Municipal Corporation (CMC), which has limited consultative powers aimed at improving the provision of municipal services. Male and female Qataris aged 18 and older are able to vote, and run as candidates for election. There are no political parties in Qatar. Consultative Assembly The Consultative Assembly has 35 appointed members with only consultative tasks. However, the 2003 Constitution of Qatar calls for a 45 member elected Legislature, which is to be made up of 30 elected representatives and 15 appointed by the Emir. In 2006, Prime Minister Al Thani-then the Deputy PM- announced that elections would be held in 2007. However, only a legislative council to review the subject was created that year. The actual elections have been postponed three times; most recently in June 2010, when the Emir extended the Consultative Assembly’s tenure until 2013. Foreign Policy H. H. Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of the state of Qatar is considered a highly competent politician and a great contributor to the enrichment of international and regional political practice. The manifestations of that contribution are reflected in the boosting of the economic and political cooperation between Qatar and the Gulf Arab States in particular and between Qatar and the rest of the world in general. Such contributions emanate from a strategic vision, which is marked by courage, objectivity and comprehensiveness. The personalities Doha received during the last five years and the official visits paid by H. H. the Emir Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani to the three old continents in addition to North America, all were positively reflected in Qatar’s high standing amongst the states of the world which qualified it to play a positive and influential role marked by reality, transparency, clarity of vision and the adoption of moderate political approach. On October 10, 2005, for the first time, Qatar was elected to a two-year term on the UN Security Council for 2006-2007. According to BBC, in April 2006 Qatar announced that it will give US$50 million to the new Hamas-1ed Palestinian government. Hamas, an ally of Iran and Hezbollah, is considered by the US and the EU to be a terrorist organization. In May 2006, Qatar pledged more than $100 million to Hurricane Katrina relief to colleges and universities in Louisiana affected by the hurricane. Some of this money was also distributed to families looking to repair damaged homes by Neighborhood Housing Services of New Orleans, Inc. Qatar is member of ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, International Maritime organization, Intelsat Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, and WTO. Most of the developed countries are exempt from visa requirements. Citizens of exempted countries can also request a joint visa that allows them to travel to Oman as well Israeli passport holders however are forbidden to enter Qatar. The Qatari government is the primary benefactor of the Al Jazeera television network. Accused of biased reporting against some governments, the network has been banned in Kuwait. This has led to strained relations between Qatar and some government in the region who see the Qatari government as responsible for Al Jazeera’s purportedly incendiary reporting. International Relations Qatar is very keen to participate actively in the efforts to deal with all the concerns and the challenges that the Gulf region encounters. It places increasing emphasis on supporting the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and spares no effort to bring about solidarity and strengthen ties of mutual trust and communication between Arab countries, propagates the wisdom of resorting to peaceful means in resolving all the disputes among the countries, approves the United Nations efforts to uphold peace and security and works to maintain good relations with all peace-loving people and countries. Qatar rejects and denounces all forms and manifestations of terrorism, regardless of its causes, objectives and means. It, however, differentiates between terrorism and the people’s struggle and legitimate rights of freedom and self-determination in accordance with the provisions of International Laws. Qatar in all regional and international occasions, expresses its grave concerns over the escalation of conflicts, ethnic cleansing and denial of the rights of minorities in some countries of Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa and other continents. Qatar welcomes all international agreements concluded with a view to resolving such problems and pledges support for the efforts exerted by regional and international organizations to achieve peace and stability in some states and regions of the world. In the International Arena Qatar works very hard to establish close ties of cooperation with all peace-loving countries and people, extends generous financial aid to many developing countries in Asia and Africa and contributes to various regional and international aid funds to create the widest possible avenue of international cooperation. Qatar has always been a staunch supporter of liberation movement and has constantly denounced all kinds of racial discrimination wherever it exists. In May 1994, Qatar hosted the meetings of the Regional Security and Arms Limitations General Committee. Qatar adopts a set of principles as a basis for peace and security in the Middle East and the world at large. At the top of those principles comes the abstention from using or threatening to use force against territorial integrity of other countries, and seeking to resolve disputes by peaceful means such as regional or international arbitration, and dialogue. In recognition of Qatar’s vital role and contribution in the efforts to uphold peace, the special work group of the Regional Security and Arms Limitations General Committee for the Middle East decided in December 1994 to establish a regional center for the group in Doha to act as a front line dispute prevention and resolution facility. And as an expression of appreciation from the international community of the policies adopted by Qatar in the regional and the international spheres, Qatar was elected in March 1995 deputy chairman for the international social development Summit Conference, in the context of the UN regional groups representation. U. S. -Qatari Relations A U. S. embassy was established in Doha in 1973, but U. S. relations with Qatar did not blossom until the 1991 Gulf War. The United States promptly recognized the assumptions of power by Sheikh Hamad in June 1995. Qatar’s articipation in Arab-Israeli peace process accord with U. S. ’ efforts to foster and expanding dialogue between Israel and Arab States. The two governments differ to some degree in their positions regarding Iran and Iraq. Qatar favors a policy of constructive engagement with these two states. By contrast, the United States favors isolating them through the policy of ‘Dual Containment’ Trade between United S tates and Qatar has increased after the Gulf war. U. S. exports to Qatar amounted to $354. 11 million in 1998, consisting mainly of machinery and transport equipment. U. S. imports from Qatar, mainly textiles and fertilizers, totaled $220. 36 million in 1998. Over the past five years, the level of bilateral trade has more than doubled. Although the bulk of Qatar’s trade continues to be with a few European countries and Japan, several U. S. firms, including Mobil, Occidental, Pennzoil, Enron, and Bechtel are active in the exploitation of Qatar’s oil and gas resources. Despite the presence of U. S. firms in the Qatari hydrocarbon industry, the U. S. imports virtually no oil from Qatar. Bilateral defense and security cooperation has expanded since the Gulf war. On June 23, 1992, the United States and Qatar concluded a Defense Cooperation agreement that provided for U. S. access to Qatari bases, pre-positioning of United States material, and combined military exercises. Since the agreement, the United States and Qatar have begun to implement plans for pre-positioning U. S. military equipment for a use in a future contingency in the Gulf, including enough tanks and associated equipment for an armored brigade. A warehouse for U. S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Henry Shelton stated that the pre-positioning station â€Å"is right on schedule at this time and will be a great enhancement to our capabilities as well as, I think, provide a great capability that we would not have had otherwise† Qatar has also expressed a willingness to host a forward presence for U. S. Central Command and it has begun allowing U. S. P-3 maritime patrols originating from Qatar. On several occasions, Qatar has hosted temporary deployments of U. S. Air Expeditionary Forces that enhance U. S. aircraft carrier coverage of the Gulf 10 Qatar has held informal iscussions about purchasing the U. S. built MI A2 tank and Patriot PAC ill air defense system, but no U. S. sales are anticipated at this time. The U. S. has been supportive of Qatar’s recent moves toward political liberalization. In March 1999, Rep. Sue Kelly and Rep. Carolyn Maloney headed a congressional delegation that observed Qatar’s election for a Central Municipal Council. In the election’s aftermath, Congress passed a resolution congratulating the state of Qatar and its citizens for their commitment to democratic ideals and women’s suffrage (S. Con. Res. 14, March 4, 1999, and H. Con Res. 35, April 13, 1999) How to cite Political Analysis of Qatar, Essay examples